Respiratory Infections Remain a Threat; Unisa Yogyakarta Lecturer Explains Prevention and Treatment Methods

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) remain a cause for concern to this day. In Sleman Regency, ARI cases are also high; according to data from the Sleman Health Office, there were 94,000 cases by the end of October 2025. Dika Rizkiardi, a lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine, Aisyiyah University (Unisa) Yogyakarta, offers advice on prevention and management of ARI cases.

“ARI, or Acute Respiratory Tract Infection, is the medical term for infections that affect our respiratory tract, ranging from the nose and throat to the lungs. It is called ‘acute’ because it typically progresses rapidly, usually lasting less than 14 days,” explained Dika on Wednesday (November 5, 2025).

The causes can vary, but the most common is a virus. Examples of diseases classified as ARI are very familiar to us, such as the common cold, influenza, pharyngitis, and more serious conditions like bronchitis and pneumonia.

The primary causes are mostly viruses, such as rhinovirus, influenza, and RSV. “Environmental and weather factors currently play a significant role. We are currently in the transition season, where air temperatures are often unpredictable—sometimes extremely hot, then suddenly rainy,” explained Dika.

Furthermore, air quality—which may deteriorate due to pollution or dust during the dry season—can cause irritation in the respiratory tract. This condition weakens the local immune defenses in our respiratory tract, making it easier for viruses or bacteria to enter and cause infection.

Regarding the sharp increase in cases in Sleman, it is most likely due to multiple factors. First, as mentioned, unfavorable weather and air quality conditions. Second, community activities have now returned to normal post-pandemic; social interactions and crowding in public spaces have increased, so the transmission of droplet-spread diseases like ARI naturally rises as well. “Third, there may be a slight drop in vigilance regarding basic health protocols, such as wearing a mask when sick,” he explained.

Symptoms, Risks, and Management of ARI

Dika explained that the initial symptoms of URTI are usually very recognizable. They range from a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, discomfort or an itchy throat, followed by a cough (which may be dry or productive). These are often accompanied by systemic symptoms such as a mild fever, headache, and body aches or a general feeling of being unwell.

There are several groups that require special attention because they are more likely to experience severe symptoms. These include children, especially toddlers, because their immune systems are not yet fully developed; the elderly, because their immune function naturally begins to decline; People with comorbidities or underlying conditions, such as those with asthma, COPD, heart disease, diabetes, or those with weakened immune systems (e.g., chemotherapy patients or those with HIV). Active smokers also face a significantly higher risk.

“In healthy individuals, mild viral upper respiratory infections (URIs) typically resolve on their own (self-limiting) with rest and adequate fluid intake. However, if left untreated, with insufficient rest, or if it occurs in the aforementioned vulnerable groups, the infection can spread. An upper respiratory tract infection can ‘spread’ downward to cause bronchitis or pneumonia (lung inflammation). A secondary bacterial infection may also occur. The worst outcome, particularly in severe pneumonia, is respiratory failure, which is, of course, life-threatening,” said Dika.

According to Dika, it’s important to know this so you don’t delay treatment, but also so you don’t panic unnecessarily when dealing with respiratory infections. People with respiratory infections can manage their symptoms at home if they’re mild (such as a common cold or mild fever). However, see a doctor or go to a healthcare facility immediately if you experience shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. These are major warning signs. A high fever (above 38.5°C) that does not subside after 3 days of taking fever-reducing medication. A cough that does not improve within 2 weeks, or is accompanied by severe chest pain. Symptoms occurring in vulnerable groups, such as infants under 3 months, the elderly, or those with comorbidities. Do not delay; it is better to seek medical attention immediately.

Treatment procedures depend on the severity. For mild URIs—90% of which are caused by viruses—treatment is symptomatic, meaning we address the symptoms. For example, fever-reducing medication (paracetamol), cough suppressants, and most importantly, education on rest and staying well-hydrated. It’s important to remember that viral URIs do not require antibiotics. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can actually be dangerous. For moderate to severe cases, such as pneumonia, medical management may require further testing like a chest X-ray, and the administration of more specific medications (including antibiotics if a bacterial infection is confirmed), oxygen therapy, or even hospitalization for monitoring.

“Our role, both as healthcare professionals and as an educational institution, has two aspects. First, on the curative (treatment) side, we at healthcare facilities are certainly ready to provide the best care and treatment for those in need. Second, and no less important, is the promotive (health promotion) and preventive (disease prevention) aspects. “The Faculty of Medicine at Unisa Yogyakarta has a moral responsibility to provide accurate and easily understandable health education to the public—such as through this interview—so that the public can empower themselves and practice prevention independently,” said Dika.

Dika also noted that as part of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, the Faculty of Medicine at Unisa Yogyakarta regularly carries out various community service programs. These can take the form of direct health education at schools, community health posts, or within communities; social service health screenings; or research focused on real health issues in the community, including those related to respiratory diseases and the implementation of the Clean and Healthy Lifestyle (PHBS) program.

Prevention and Education Are Key Components

Dika emphasized that prevention is the key. First, maintain your immune system. This is fundamental. Second, minimize exposure. If you know the air quality is poor, it’s best to avoid strenuous physical activity outdoors. If you must go outside, it’s highly recommended to wear a mask capable of filtering pollutants. Also ensure that indoor ventilation in your home or workplace remains adequate to maintain proper air circulation.

The role of PHBS is central and fundamental. The viruses and bacteria that cause respiratory infections are highly contagious via the hands. “We touch doorknobs, tables, and then inadvertently touch our nose or mouth. So, simple things like washing your hands with soap and running water regularly—especially before eating, after using the restroom, or after touching public facilities—are the most effective ways to break the chain of transmission. Maintaining a clean home environment is also important to reduce dust and germs,” explained Dika.

Dika noted that mask-wearing and coughing etiquette need to remain a priority and are still relevant post-pandemic. In his view, the habits formed during the COVID-19 pandemic must be maintained. The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us just how important masks and coughing etiquette are. “If you feel sick (coughing or have a cold), wear a mask. That is our social responsibility to protect those around us. If you’re healthy but in a crowded or polluted area, a mask protects you. Coughing etiquette—covering your mouth with the inside of your elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing—must also be continued to prevent the spread of droplets,” said Dika.

He also suggested maintaining a strong immune system, with the key being a balanced diet. Increase your intake of fresh vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C, vitamin D, and antioxidants. Ensure adequate fluid intake, especially water, with a minimum of 8 glasses a day, to keep the mucous membranes of our respiratory tract moist and healthy. And something often overlooked: don’t forget to get enough rest. Quality sleep of 7–8 hours per night is the best “charger” for the immune system.

“Our message from the Faculty of Medicine at Unisa Yogyakarta to all residents of Sleman and the surrounding areas: do not panic in the face of this rise in respiratory infections, but remain vigilant. Respiratory infections are highly preventable. Start with yourself and your family. Reinstate healthy lifestyle practices, especially handwashing with soap. Boost your immune system with nutritious food and adequate rest. And don’t hesitate to wear a mask again if you feel sick, or if you’re in crowded or polluted areas,” said Dika.